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Using primitive types “too much” is a frequent anti-pattern. It has a name: Primitive Obsession (https://wiki.c2.com/?PrimitiveObsession)

I think people do it because it is quite some work to implement proper value types in common languages like JavaScript, Java and C#.

Languages like F# or Kotlin give it to you almost for free.

The rule of thumb is exactly as you observed: if values have different semantics they should have different types.

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Scott Wlaschin goes into detail about this pattern in F# both on his website [1] and in his book, "Domain Modelling Made Functional". The difference between F# and C# in this regard is quite spectacular.

[1]: https://fsharpforfunandprofit.com/posts/conciseness-type-def...

Creating perfect types for every single input is also an anti-pattern. Most of our needs fall somewhere between "works pretty well" and "formally verified". Riding herd on the type system to prove ever more invariants about your system is usually a waste of time.

It's reasonable to put a little more effort into it along API lines. But there's a reason that the compiler doesn't make it easy to define an integer type that can hold values between -7 and 923091.

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