All those features are present in other languages too, the premise that no other useful or mainstream languages don’t is false. For example Swift has all of those features.
Additionally, I don't believe Swift supports true structural typing (i.e. Duck-typing). If you have a method that accepts a protocol-implementing object, that object has to explicitly implement that protocol, it can't be inferred by the compiler.
In a similar vein, C# also supports intersection type (but only intersection-of-interfaces in type-parameterized generic methods) or structural-typing (again, via generics with explicit implementation). Please correct me if I'm wrong, but to my knowledge Swift doesn't support call-site structural typing nor true intersection types (i.e. intersection of non-interface types).
Among those mainstream languages, not many of them having such an advanced type system, with very few exceptions like Scala - even with GADT, dependent types ahead. It's light years ahead of its peers.
But I believe there are still some abstractions can be expressed in TypeScript but not Scala because the gradually/dynamically typed languages start from the opposite side from the spectrum.