The blog he linked, Slate Star Codex, has a lot of good posts on predictive processing theory. I'd recommend checking them out. (The author is a psychiatrist, and in my opinion a semi-polymath.) Basically a theory positing that the brain fundamentally works, at least in part, by continuously updating a model of the environment and the self based on successful and unsuccessful predictions.

Although this may not seem like a crazy idea, some proponents suggest that essentially everything the brain does works in this way. For example, that the cause of schizophrenic symptoms may be due to them holding a very loose predictive model with weak priors; basically that they don't have pre-existing high-confidence predictions about anything, on every level. You and me likely would predict with very high confidence that we are not and can't be a god, but someone with schizophrenia may not predict that with as much certainty due to a general issue with neural prediction.

I am oversimplifying it and may be partially wrong, but I think that's the general. I'd highly recommend reading that blog's series on predictive processing for a much better explanation. The linked post also discusses schizophrenia.