Ask HN: How blind people can use the internet on desktop?

My father is blind, from the moment he was born, but blindness does not define his ambitions. He has a phone and a desktop, both equipped with screen reader applications (NVDA, JAWS, and Google TTS).

He has almost no problem using desktop apps, he can use certain mobile apps (touch, android), but he has problems using internet on his desktop (using internet in mobile phone is a big pain and of almost no use, if you don't know how disastrous it is...).

So my question is that how blind people can use internet, and what are the best workarounds?

Is there a certain sites that are helping with hot-keys and shortcuts?

How blind programmers/hackers do their job?