Small startups will pay peanuts. Also remote jobs will usually pay less because the supply is much higher, you compete with 100x more devs than the local devs, some from poorer countries where 20/h is a good rate.
Is there any data for this?
In my limited experience this was not the case but I've never really looked for a remote job
I used to have hiring responsibilities and I think the highest number of applications we got for a role was 57 and the company was completely unknown in a small city in the English midlands, so not exactly a tech hotstop.
A lot of the applications were not suitable at all