The original "long" 737 variant was 30.5m; the 737 MAX 10 is 43.8m long. Many of the problems with the 737 airframe are rooted in this growth, along with it being originally designed as a regional jet with needed compromises (being low to ease airstairs, which caused problems with engines since the first re-engining with the Classic series).
Note that Boeing was trying to sell airlines on a clean-sheet aircraft when Airbus launched the A320neo, and _quickly_ started gaining customers, including those that had been loyal to Boeing for decades. Boeing needed something to counter the A320neo, hence the MAX had to happen—and soon.