there was a very early Sliders episode about exactly this!
If anything they'd have probably had more nuclear power generation, because the proliferation risk wouldn't have been a concern and the scary association with city-destroying weapons wouldn't have been such a PR problem.
Leo Szilard had this realization, wrote the letter, and got Einstein to sign it.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein%E2%80%93Szil%C3%A1rd_...