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> Modern architectures look like this:

A lot of modern architecture is not like that.

And even the diagram there is something should be possible to replicate if the organization values it.

Today it doesn't even need to be too expensive as it can be deployed with terraform and torn down an hour later when the full system tests are finished qnd go back to running the integration tests.

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It's not possible to replicate the CDN, or DNS, or the message queue if it's hosted, or the database of it's big enough, or etc. etc. The differences between what you're able to create in a staging environment and what exists in prod are significant enough that testing against the staging environment doesn't build much more confidence than testing with mocks.

Testing in prod means accepting this reality, avoiding the largely unproductive toil of building and maintaining a staging env, and making the production system observable, resilient, and operationally agile enough that you can deploy changes that can trigger unpredictable and emergent system behaviors while managing risk appropriately.

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