The article mentions Python on TI calculators and a quick web search reveals at least one Casio one ships with micro python (although as the page you linked says numworks was the first to offer it, so maybe there are other innovations that haven't spread).
You could use C with the TI-84 Plus CE. That gave direct hardware access to the memory-mapped display. Python is no substitute for C. Languages like C are far better for getting a feel for how computers truly work.