Yes, you can say that increased congestion from single occupancy vehicles leads to a tragedy of the commons for those on buses. This can be addressed by making bus only lanes (and they should be bus only lanes, not bus and taxi lanes)
For the rest of the congestion, there's not much difference between rideshare vehicles and private vehicles. Rideshare vehicles might be empty while looking for passengers (net positive contribution to congestion), but also provide pooling (net negative contribution). Private vehicles also circle blocks looking for parking spaces (net positive contribution).
> For San Francisco traffic congestion increased by 60% between 2010-2016[1]
It's hard to pin this solely on ridesharing though. There have been no lack of road construction projects in the last decade. More recently, the Van Ness work has been an absolute clusterfuck for San Francisco traffic.