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Well, Estonia has id-card, which in addition to ordinary id card functionality also provides PKI.

If I remember correctly, they rolled out PKI ~2005ish. It has done wonders for them. https://e-estonia.com/solutions/e-identity/id-card/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_identity_card

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Which the EU is debating making an equivalent European wide version mandatory, and requiring websites/private companies adopt and use it (via SAML; instead of username/passwords or things like OAuth/OpenID Connect). In this vision, any online interaction that would require an identity would minimally be required to accept your European identity, and may be prohibited (via GDPR or DSA) from offering other forms of sign-in.

Read the Roadmap at https://ec.europa.eu/info/law/better-regulation/have-your-sa... and comment on the Public Consultation if you have feelings about that.

Explicitly part of the goal is either a pan-European ID card or requiring every Member State to adopt one. Currently, MS aren’t required to. When the UK was in the EU, the idea of a digital ID that could be used by the government to track all of your activities online was... not popular. However, despite Brexit, the idea is being reintroduced, this time to “fight coronavirus”. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-54010432

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