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Among most groups in America, the fertility rate is well below replacement -- same ballpark as Japan, IIRC. The only reason our population grows is immigration: immigrants themselves, and they have more kids than native-born Americans.

So the biological urge apparently isn't doing the trick.

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I’m not convinced that the fertility rate in any one country is particularly troublesome, especially when global population is increasing, that country is populous and wealthy, and that country seems to have little trouble growing its population in ways other than local reproduction. This doesn’t seem a problem at all, assuming we’re not talking about other concerns like maintaining certain demographics in the USA (a concern which I absolutely do not share).

That only works if we assume that there will always be rich countries that don't have enough kids, and poor countries that have "too many" kids and send some to the rich countries.

While that may end up being the case for centuries to come, I don't think it's a great outcome for humanity as a whole to require vast wealth inequality between nations in order to keep humanity from dying out.

You're underestimating how well birth rates react to having actual free time and space to live in.

I raise you Israel as an example of not a poor country with big increase in birth rates.

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