To the OP, think spikes: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_(software_development). Very important with a lot of unknowns. Doubly important for new engineers because.. Well, sounds like they are dealing with a lot of unknowns.
And yeah, if it's missing the overall goal, then it's clear halfway through that we're missing the goal, so you can correct earlier.
No matter what you work on there _has_ to be a way to show the impact you had unless you had no impact.
This kind of progress is pretty common, in my experience. I've already written about defunctionalising an algebra before (https://www.gresearch.co.uk/article/defunctionalisation/), and that is another example of a task where the work can often divide itself into discrete chunks. You can show your progress to your team, all without the end-user being able to see anything.