You should look at the link.

It walks you through a) systems design of various companies you've heard of; b) how to design common things like a URL shortener or a rate limiter; c) more general topics like you mentioned.

There are also several example chapters available as a free preview, including the module on Instagram.

I've taken it. It does talk about trade offs like when you want to use a relational or nonrelational db, various strategies when it comes to caching, scaling, etc. Sometimes it will talk about specific tech like memcache but I don't recall too many mentions about the direct techs listed in the OP.

It's very useful for preparing for interviews that ask, "How would you recreate dropbox?" or "how would you recreate instagram." You know... system design interviews.

I think it's well worth a purchase, only if you can afford it. I feel like the other resources people posted in the thread are better but if you need structured content it's very well done.