The HOA better show up with some siege equipment to serve papers, though.

"HOAs" in the American sense are a 20th century construction that originally had ethnicity clauses in and have tried to replicate those with proxies since they were banned. They only exist when they're put in by contract law by the builder; I don't believe they can be "retrofitted"?

This castle is from the 11th century. It might have had the 11th century equivalent, which was feudal burdens, but those have almost certainly been abolished since the revolution.

Scotland has formally abolished the feudal system; England, however, has not, so you may still find yourself liable for the repair of a church built ten centuries ago. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancel_repair_liability

Government, maybe. There are no home owners associations in Europe, at least not in the sense the US has them.