Growing at that rate at this point in your company's lifecycle is pretty extraordinary. So not sure why you would consider them to be a cautionary tale.
As for what has happened to them. They have been on an acquisition binge the last few years e.g. Trello, StatusPage, OpsGenie, Mindville etc. And as mentioned above they have been rewriting their UI in a new React framework called Atlaskit.
I also used to think Atlassian was a pretty poorly run company but then you look into it and actually the opposite is true. Although they did let Github, Gitlab, Slack dominate them.
Next few years will be interesting as Gitlab is moving very fast into their space.