And the best thing is the author shared it as a shader toy: https://www.shadertoy.com/view/WsSBzh
What exactly makes them impressive depends on the category, e.g. a limited hardware platform like some 80s computer, or limited space. A popular category is "4k", meaning that the program has to fit into 4096 bytes. 4k demos can actually get quite visually complex and even feature music.
Many modern games that let you explore gigantic, seemingly infinite spaces (e.g. Minecraft, No Man's Sky) owe a lot to the ideas that originated in the Demoscene.