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From what I've heard from one of the trials, they used a meningitis vaccine that actually does hurt. (Its side effects are known but minor.)

That was hearsay, though, and I don't have access to the internal protocol.

The AstraZeneca trial was the one to use the meningitis vaccine.

No, the trial procedure is publicly available. They used a saline solution as the placebo.

I should have double checked on clinicaltrials.gov first. (I was thinking of the AstraZeneca trial.)