If you think it's okay to spend a few hours setting stuff up per developer, why can't you just invest an hour in learning how to debug with docker?
1. Open a port on the container for debugging
2. Tell the debugger in the container what's the port it should use (if you're not using the default one)
3. Tell the IDE what port it can use to connect to the debugger (if you're not using the default).
4. Debug it!
For things like Typescript you might need some extra trickery because it's all transpiled, so you'll need to make sure your sourcemaps are set up correctly, but that's not overly difficult.
It did take me several hours to work everything out and write a README so that every time we get a new hire / someone sets up a new PC they can just follow the instructions. I'd say it was time well spent.