I left out lots of stuff, like chemical weathering, thermohaline circulation, glacial damming, and Milankovich cycles which probably explain a lot more... but I’m a climatologist not a geologist so there’s a whole lot more about the chemistry I don’t understand.
Hazen's mineral evolution story was made into a NOVA. Some years back, before the NOVA, it had anecdotally been used down to high-school, but he didn't know of any attempts at middle or primary school. But it seems the usual science education dynamic is no one trying, or doing a miserable job of it, rather than hitting a rigid accessibility envelope.
The cluefulness cost space can be surprisingly shaped. Teach a 5-year old that sunlight is white, and so is the Sun, and after that second bit, they're already less confused there than most first-tier astronomy and physical sciences graduate students. I suggest we've little idea yet how early much of science might be taught, because we've been half-assing it.
And pedagogy.