Yes, and this is absolutely maddening when trying to do cross-platform work because some programs support / in filenames while others interpret them as arguments.
(Another key difference is that on UNIX the shell expands '*' before passing it to a program, but CMD doesn't so each program has to do its own globbing)
Pretty much all Windows programs support / in filenames.
The main issue is some cmd builtins like mkdir/cd/del which have weird parsing rules where every / is interpreted as starting a command-line switch, even if not preceded by a space.
But even there, you only need to use quotes (mkdir "c:/test") to suppress the interpretation as a switch and then you can use paths with slashes just fine in batch files.