America has higher 5-year survival because America tests earlier and more often than most other countries. That's likely attributably to a lawsuit-happy society and liability fears. However, that doesn't necessarily impact your likelihood of dying from the disease much of the time. This is called early detection and overdiagnosis bias [2].

Further, 5-year mortality rates can be affected by palliative care philosophy too - do you keep giving chemo to folks who won't recover?

In fact, if you look at the mortality rate for most cancers instead of the 5 year survival rates, they're basically the same across the Australia, the UK and the US.

Prostate cancer in particular is interesting because the US continues to advocate for early screening and PSA antigen tests, but the NHS has found that there's no scientific basis for this, and PSA screening for prostate cancer actually does more harm than good [1]

  There's currently no screening programme for prostate cancer in the UK. This is because it has not been proved that the benefits would outweigh the risks.

This is just a misinterpretation of the data.

tl;dr: 5 year survival rates measure, in a lot of cases, the rate of early detection, not cure. At least, that's the inherent bias. Your study uses 5 year survival rates not mortality rates, hence this is illustrating differences in testing philosophy not efficacy. More, early testing is not necessarily better. It's often worse.

[1] https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/prostate-cancer/psa-testing/

[2] https://www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/hblog20150401.04603...