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Because they are freed from the liability of the business's actions by way of the state allowing liability limiting corporate entities to exist. When the business assumes liability from the owners, it also assumes tax responsibility. If you don't want to pay corporate taxes, don't form a corporation.

How much tax did Bezos pay on his fortune? Not income tax but capital gains, and probably not as much as you'd expect.

If you want the Bezos's of the world to pay more tax, then lobby for that directly. Using the corporate tax as a proxy for "screw rich people" is distortionary and ineffective.

Do corporations pay tax on their payroll? I'm not understanding what's being doubly taxed here.

Actually, they do. You pay half of the payroll tax and the company pays the other half. This is payroll tax and not income tax, that is Social Security and Medicaid. This is why if you're self employed, there is a self employment tax.

That said, I think that the parent is making a different point. I think the parent's point is that if the owners and employees of a company are paying taxes, then taxing the profit of a company taxes twice, once for the profit and then again for the income that comes from the dividend.