Can only comment on what I've seen over the years, but in my experience with the women engineers I've managed there wasn't a notable pay/promotion difference even with those on H1B visas (non FAANG companies). And no skill/ability difference of course.

What was noticeable was

- A tendency to compare themselves to others and stronger "imposter syndrome".

- Tended to be less aggressive in tech discussions.

- Also more frequently moved/quit to be with boyfriend or husband when he made career moves.