Types of Intuition: Thomas Nagel on human rights and moral knowledge

Thomas Nagel is awesome. Highly recommend his A Very Short Introduction to Philosophy - he takes the approach of just getting you to think about philosophical questions, rather than the usual historical perspective.

Strongly agree. That is my favourite short introduction to philosophy (and I'm a philosophy professor).

"But the completely different way of valuing individuals, by treating each of them decently come what may, and demanding such treatment for ourselves, is a vital part of our lives"

I believe one of the single most helpful changes in values would be to give some thought of the welfare of others. The "well that's their problem" ethos is a big part of our problem.

...some, as in "greater than zero" would be great!

One might want to take a look at the following Dewey Lecture by Tom Nagel:

https://youtu.be/MwYZURDU6dA