I'm missing something or the author could have used: Kolmogovov complexity (0), normalized compression distance (1), some research of Rudy Cilibrasi and Vitaniy, and some research that come after it(2).
(0) https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolmogorov_complexity
(1) https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normalized_compression_dista...
(2) for example: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S037907381...