I did on some occasions on a hot day, before going off to some activity - and it does not last the whole day - but it definitely last some time.
But you are correct, that when you drink more and more, despite your body being already hydrated - then it pretty much comes out like it is soon after.
": Our findings agree with the long held notion that each gram of glycogen is stored in human muscle with at least 3 g of water. Higher ratios are possible (e.g., during REHFULL) likely due to water storage not bound to glycogen. "
If you want to store extra water for short periods drink/eat carbs
Sports drinks are generally water with sodium chloride and potassium chloride added, often with sugar as well. Trust me, if you're sweating a lot and drinking a lot of water, you need a source of the appropriate salts.