Ariane 5's test flight self-destructed 37 seconds after launch. Its horizontal velocity was outside the range that could be represented in a 16-bit variable. In fact this check wasn't appropriate for Ariane 5 and so was removed in subsequent versions, but that's hindsight.

Maybe you find that "restarting" a rocket would be "more appropriate" but any people who die when an entire rocket full of explosive fuel crashes into their home because it's "restarting" wouldn't agree. Once the rocket ceases to be inside its design conditions, the safest thing to do is blow it up, so that's what happens.

Historically a "range safety officer", a human, would be watching the launch and, if it seems to deviate from their expectations they remotely trigger destruction. This is tricky to do correctly, the remote trigger might malfunction, and humans react slowly, so this is not the preferred option for today's unmanned rockets which are full of computers anyway.