Bloom's 2-Sigma Problem: students getting one-on-one instruction perform 2 standard deviations better than those learning from ordinary instruction methods. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloom%27s_2_sigma_problem
The implication left for a reader of the original article is that tutoring is mostly about exam-prep or that it is under-regulated, ineffectual, and a folly of the rich. But the truth is that the over-regulation of conventional time-based classroom learning is deeply flawed based on our understanding of how people learn. Throwing thirty teenagers in a room at 8am and having a tenured adult speak at them for 45 minutes on a subject is not a recipe for success, nor is moving everyone along at the same pace and calling the material complete after a semester of education regardless of the depth of understanding conveyed. We need intensive and personalized schooling with mastery based learning - and to answer the question of "where are we going to get that many teachers?" we need people to teach as part of how they learn. For some odd reason society only starts to embrace this in graduate school.
I've got a principle I came up with called LTD: Learn, Teach, Do.
The idea is to prioritize activities where I can be doing all three at the same time. An example would be pair programming with a junior on a new problem where I don't know how to solve every part of the problem. "Learn on the job together with a team, and share learnings as you go" is basically the kind of work that I mean. I've found LTD activities are awesome in so many ways. You build up the team around you, grow as an individual, and get shit done all at the same time.
I'm increasingly against activities which focus strongly on only one of these(school being the main example).
as for a school model, montessori groups children in age-groups spanning 3 years, and older children there routinely teach the younger ones.
In our area they seem to be for over-achievers. Want your 4 year old to learn to read, write, and do math? Send them to a Montessori. At least, that's the reason all the parents I know send them there.
so you have to look closely if the teachers are actually trained and certified by one of the training schools that actually provide proper montessori training, and whether the classrooms have the proper environment.
The problem here is that getting enough money to hire more teachers per student is like pulling teeth. The problem that we as a society are solving isn't "how can we achieve the best overall educational outcome?" It's "how can we avoid a disastrously uneducated population with a budget of $X?" I'm not entirely sure we're doing a good job on that one either, though.
[1]https://www.cnn.com/2021/04/27/us/12-year-old-graduating-hig...
Sure it would be great to get rid of bullying, but I wonder if it's inherent in humans.
I'd focus on things we can control like that minimum competence problem you described.