My dad worked in coal India for around 3 decades, and I grew up in one of the townships. I have never heard of Mafia involvement. However, I have seen coal being stolen from moving trains that transport coal. They are mostly locals who probably sell it or use it themselves, but it doesn't account to much AFAIK.

I am from a town called Kothagudem, where a coal mining company from south India is headquartered. Growing up (2o years ago) there was naxal activity around the coal mines but now it is a thing of the past. I can confidently say there is no mafia but corrpution is still big.

Also, most underground mines are converted to above ground open cast mines, so there are associated health problems for us. Also, the temperatures in summer routinely hit 50 degree celsius, but most houses have no airconditioning. We just curse and exist in those temperatures.