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> JIT has been used very successfully for a couple of languages, e.g. Java

I'm not at all disputing that - but its promises of "beating AOT" that we used to hear have not come to fruition. Where it really matters, e.g. HPC, you don't really see any JIT. C, C++ and Fortran still rule. And even for Java, you tend to be able to achieve equal or better performance with AOT compilers.

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With an AOT compiler a lot of work is done at compile time, but with JIT it is done at runtime, which makes these programs slower to start. But for programs that do run for a longer time, like servers or IDE's the performance is quite decent. But Java is a memory safe language which means that it has to do a lot of checks that unsafe languages do not have to do, which means that it will always be slower that unsafe languages. In some cases the JIT can eliminate those safety checks, but that is not always possible.

Java always had (and still has) an AOT that compiled to byte code. Adding JIT was a major improvement.

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