This is dead easy to do in Home Assistant if you use a jinja-based template as the automation trigger. Any template that will evaluate to true will trigger the automation. Templates are re-evaluated every time the state of the object changes or (if you use a time function, or don't reference any objects) every minute.

Here's a simple example that would send a notification if I left my kitchen LEDs on 200 brightness or more for longer than two hours.

  alias: Kitchen
  description: ''
  trigger:
  - platform: template
    value_template: ' {{ state_attr('light.kitchen_led', 'brightness')|int >= 200 and as_timestamp(states.light.kitchen_led.last_updated) + 3600 < as_timestamp(now()) }} '
  condition: []
  action:
  - service: notify.my_phone
    data:
      title: Kitchen lights still on
      message: The kitchen LEDs have been on very bright for more than 2 hours. 
  mode: single