I don't think so. An important missing element in SQLite's format is larger block support. Modern filesystems do this via extents. SQLite has a strictly fixed block size and no support for forming larger blocks from contiguous runs of basic blocks.

Another missing element is that SQLite's support for large blobs is via linked lists of pages. That's fine for sequential access, but unacceptable for random access.

For a database to be usable as a filesystem backend, it must at least be composable with itself without sacrificing performance. Lets say you built a kernel module or fuse module using sqlite as the backend. How well would sqlite itself perform on a file in this filesystem?