On the Thermodynamics of CO_2 Capturing (2019)
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Of course, it takes millions of years for plants to do it, bit by bit but because humans can't think in such scales, the difficulties even plants face can't be easily imagined.
Silicate minerals can do it in thousands of years, and much faster with some human assistance.
Fossil fuel + O2 --> Money + Waste + CO2
Money + CO2 --> Fossil fuel + O2 + Waste
The problem is that each conversion is not 100% efficient, so the net reaction is
Fossil fuel + O2 --> Waste + CO2
In the thread there is a drawing that explain this more visually.
There are some chemical process to transform one fossil fuel into another, you can "steal" the hydrogen from oil and you get energy and coal, but I'm not sure if it's profitable if you are going to burry the coal.
A big reforestation may work, and then charcoal and bury it, but no country offers a lot of the surface for free. It's probably better to use the surface to get biodiesel and ethanol, and replace the fossil fuel with carbon neutral fuels.
I'm sure that humanity will pull through the energy and emissions crisis, but we are really making this more costly than it should be, just because we want to be comfortable in the short term.