Here in Belgium we have smart card IDs. You assign a 4 digit pin as password and then use a smart card reader to access various govt websites.

Only problem is you have to install a browser plugin that has to be compatible with your browser version and some non-technical people get confused. Apart from that it's actually a pretty good system.

It's now being replaced with a smartphone app, one that uses servers in the USA which poses all kinds of GDPR / privacy issues.