Error handling with errgroups

The context derived from WithContext is scoped to the lifetime of errgroup (after they all return, or any return with an error). This way the function passed to Group.Go can spawn other go routines that will get properly cleaned up.

Why those other go routines would spawn processes that they don't clean up otherwise? They probably shouldn't, but canceling the context should always be safe, and is more likely to safely handle what otherwise would be a bug, than it is to cause a bug.

Contexts spawn a goroutine to block on the Done channel. You always need to call cancel otherwise you'll leak that goroutine. It's an annoying thing that comes from the fact that contexts are implemented in user space and there's no way to block on a channel without block a goroutine.

They're for cancellation. Commonly, when your goroutine is blocking while waiting for an IO, like a HTTP response, you want to set a deadline. You can do that by creating a suitable context and passing it to the API that makes the request. When the deadline is reached, the API will return an error. You can also cancel contexts yourself, e.g. in response to user input.

It can be any blocking API, not just IO, for example you can acquire semaphore.Weighted in a cancellable way. The API has to be designed to support context cancellation, and most of the standard library is.

They’re commonly used at API boundaries to pass cancellation signals and deadlines.

The Go blog has always good insights and details around things like this: https://go.dev/blog/context

They can be used to store data scoped to a particular request or unit of work, but most of the time that's not why you would use them. Mostly they are used to control tasks and stop things when needed. Imagine you have a server receiving requests. And for each requests there are multiple things you may have to do: logging metadata, checking the cache, pulling data from your database, etc. Some of that may be done in serial, and other parts might be done in parallel (maybe you've got an SQL database and also a KV store with some ancillary data and you want to grab data from both places at once). But you want to make sure this request doesn't block forever, you want to return a response to the user within a given maximum time frame (even if that is just a 504 Gateway Timeout response), and if you reach the time limit, or one of those things you are doing in parallel fails, you want to quickly shut everything else down. That's what contexts are for, in essence. You make a context object and have each of your independent processes use it. The context object provides a couple ways for you to check and see if the context has been cancelled. The Done() method gives you a channel you can poll on. The Err() method returns non-nil if the context was cancelled.

So yeah if you have a bunch of different tasks you want to do and you want to be able to stop all of them at once, you want to use a context.

You get a request. To handle it, you fork off a bunch of goroutines, some of them doing lots of heavy lifting. Some trivial part of the request handler fails. You report the error back to the requestor, aborting the request. But you still have all these goroutines wandering around doing pointless work for a now-dead request.

Contexts are how you address that.

The other replies are correct, but the data they've contain is also useful.

In our work, we make use of contexts for logging and tracing. When a request comes in, we updated the context to contain a request ID, any logs we perform in our functions make use of this context to extract that information in order to connect related logs.

Tracing also makes use of these contexts. When you create a new trace, you wrap a context. That context contains the trace parent. That way, any new traces made using that context, will be linked to the parent

But that's the limit. It's just a processing context, not processing data

It's a semantically better thread-local var[1] + a slightly more one-way thread interruption of sorts[2].

It's a performance nightmare when you put too many layers on it, but to some degree: meh. If that's your performance bottleneck, you have many options.

[1]: In that it's request-local and explicit, which makes it both clearer and much easier to control. For pure "optimize for fewer memory movements or cross-thread locks" purposes, go has nothing, you have to trust the runtime to schedule efficiently. Except maybe runtime.LockOSThread().

[2]: You can always make a new context that's not cancelled, or just not look at the Done channel. But by accident you get better cancellation behavior than e.g. java's thread interruption, because everyone still uses `catch (Exception e) { println(e) }` despite decades of education to not do so.

Contexts are a workaround for the inability to terminate a Goroutine, by canceling tasks in the Goroutine.

Suppose that you spawn a Goroutine for handling an HTTP request from client A. While the request is being processed (e.g. calling DB, external services, etc.), client A drops the TCP connection. With contexts we can notify the handler to cancel any ongoing/pending task. Otherwise, the handler will be still running the remaining tasks, hence wasting resources.

Note that if we pass a context to a function, it entirely depends on the function as to when or whether it will cancel its tasks. It's a cooperative multitasking after all.

In Rust, it's easy to cancel a future: Just drop it. It's not that the Rust's approach is perfect. Rust has the opposite problem: Since a future can be dropped anytime (in any await point), dropping a future in the middle of an execution might lead to an inconsistent state, if the future isn't properly implemented.

Every one of these answers was golden! Thanks to you I became an appreciably better programmer in less than 5 minutes.