There's an important distinction to be made between fake news which is deliberately misleading and the concept of fiat news which is when information is passed along with no checks and balances in environments where people explicitly assume that there are checks and balances. We see this in the media but now also increasingly in academia as journals seem to be performing the review function less effectively than before. There's an article that I think explains the difference between these two problems that is worth reading: https://www.epsilontheory.com/fiat-money-fiat-news/