Going through the Table of Contents on http://jashkenas.github.com/coffee-script/ I've picked out the features of CoffeeScript that make it a different beast than just a JavaScript without warts.
* Lexical Scoping and Variable Safety * Conditional Assignment * Splats * Comprehensions * Everything is an Expression (&implicit return) * The Existential Operator * Classes, Inheritance, and Super * Destructuring Assignment * Function binding * Chained Comparisons * Extended Regular Expressions
This is beyond a simple sweetener for your JavaScript code. Yes, you could write your JavaScript like you write your CoffeeScript, but you wouldn't.
Try this little jewel in Try CoffeeScript and you'll see what I mean:
[open, contents..., end] = "<impossible>".split "" alert contents.join ""