Unfortunately much of the answers, and in fact your questions are transient, they will become outdated fairly quickly - or are not necessary even now for arbitrary "websites". The tooling for web development has become overly complex and we are now starting the trend back down to the basics instigated by projects such as esbuild.

If you aren't familiar with any of this stuff, i'd recommend focusing on the fundamentals (HTML, CSS, JS), avoiding CI/CD at all cost, avoiding complex back-ends that require fragile docker containers to ever work. Get familiar with the basics of running a simple static web server and simply upload your files via rsync. Then start approaching dynamic backend runtimes, php, nodejs (with caution). The reason I recommend this approach is that much of the complex tooling and environments you will no doubt encounter in tutorials is extremely opaque, they can provide you a giant leg up to get up and running with something impressive, but will give you very little insight into how or why.

From this point on everything gets opinionated and project specific... which is why it's hard to write a timeless and comprehensive guide.