I’m not sure exactly what you’re asking, but it’s just basically writing a C header file as an API, but the implementation is in a source file that is in C++.
It's usually as simple as calling data() on a vector or std::string (as well as having a function to return the length or size of the data buffer). And if you wrap your header file in the normal C externs, it shouldn't compile if you do things that are not allowed in C, if I remember.
But you are right it can be a lot of work if you have a large surface area. I try to stick to tight, focused APIs, and data is normal C structs which work fine in C++ as well.