S3FS with versioning enabled on the S3 bucket would be a pretty low friction way to implement this. You'd also have to enable cross-region replication to deal with your "backups" being in the same place as your working copies.

OpenVMS also has a versioning filesystem and a NFS server. The x64 version is available as a private beta, but it's not cheap.

Personally, I just keep most stuff in a Google Drive folder and important stuff gets the keep versions forever bit turned on. Everything else goes in a git tree and have some automation to clone it to a reliable utility server when the OS thinks there's plenty of bandwidth available.

It's worth noting that the Google Drive solution is the only one that I've been able to get to work reliably across Linux, macOS, Windows, Android, and iOS. I've tried OneDrive, Dropbox, and iCloud Files, but they all have various problems with conflict resolution, annoying upselling, or limited file type support for versioning.