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This is in general not true and German government departments share data with different departments all the time without explicit consent of the affected citizen. This is also not a good example as there are additional legal restrictions for government departments which businesses don't need to obey.

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If the sharing is not required by any law they have to ask. Sometimes they do. I'm sure there are cases where they share without either of the precondition met.

There are cases in which sharing without asking is legal without it being required by law.

GDPR is a standardisation of pre-existing national rules within the EU member states, at the time including the UK’s Data Protection Act. When I was at university, one of the examples of the scope of the Data Protection Act was a barbershop which kept hand-written (no computer involved) records of customers, and one customer used the DPA to demand to see their records and then to have those records destroyed.

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