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> You can't turn off IP-based geolocation

They also can't get your IP address when you are not using the site, so it is the same thing.

Apps can make background requests.

Not if you turn off location permissions and background app refresh.

I've never been asked for a background refresh permission on an Android. Is that an iOS thing?

It looks like it's just something the app developer can turn on, and it will be enabled without having to ask the user for permission.

But you can turn it off:

It exists on Android too, but it's not a normal permission.

See under the apps battery options