I live in the moment in the worst way possible as well. I am not looking looking at myself critically either. I do believe active rumination of conversations, events and what you learn is incredibly important, but for me I cannot do it whatsoever. Recalling a conversation in detail is almost impossible, it is like my brain is there to just hear specific things I can act on, such as "Jira ticket". I suffer from aphantasia as well as you. I think media, entertainment and browsing the internet has become a substitute for thinking, as it is certainly true for me. I do not listen or read critically. To me, that means constantly asking yourself what that person is really trying to say, what are they trying to lead you to believe, what assumptions are they making, and most importantly why they are saying it. I understand critical thinking and listening can be done, but I am just so passive in my thinking. I am definitely a digital addict as well, and I find myself going to ycombinator and reddit without any conscious thoughts, it is just a motorized habit.
I have not thought of doing daily attempts at introspection. I remember reading about how for some people their nightly habit was getting in bed and replaying the days events, and I had never thought of that until I read it. Usually I just zone out as much as possible trying to fall asleep immediately. I am a strong believer as you are that the brain is a muscle, and that what you do not practice you do not better in, at least when it comes to recollecting. I remember reading about how people revisited memories that made them happy, and I never do that. It makes me feel terrible to think how I could have been focusing on good memories, instead of seeming to have some primordial fear of ever accessing my autobiographical memory.
I know what you mean when it comes to remembering things people tell you. Someone I know used to say that if you forget it means you do not care, and it just made me feel horrible all the time. I have forgotten about many important things that I care about, and it pains me deeply.
I hope you find out your own solution to the issue.