With IPv4 you can do it with a port forward, but the IP listed isn't the same as the IP you'll actually receive the connection on. You can get your external IP relatively easily with `curl ifconfig.co`.
If firewalls or port forwards aren't available to you, pick any of the popular port forwarding methods (here's a list: https://github.com/anderspitman/awesome-tunneling). I'm a big fan of just SSH-ing into an internet connected machine myself (`ssh -R 0.0.0.0:3000:127.0.0.1:3000 server.on.the.inter.net` will expose localhost:3000 on server.on.the.inter.net:3000 and encrypt the traffic between you and the server as an added bonus!) but there are plenty of paid and sketchy alternatives if you don't have a server to SSH into.
I don't know if they are or not. I am just a regular person with a home computer. I know how to set up a run a basic localhost server, but I don't really know about the other stuff you're talking about.
If you're thinking of diving deeper into development, I'd recommend you take the time to learn about computer networking. It's not a necessity if your end goal is to stuff HTML/CSS/JS files into a server somewhere, but it'd make your life a lot easier down the line.
https://minecraft.fandom.com/wiki/Tutorials/Setting_up_a_ser...
- https://www.wikihow.com/Portforward-Minecraft
- https://www.technewstoday.com/port-forward-minecraft/
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X75GbRaGzu8
Most of the guide you linked is related to setting up Java and configuring Minecraft itself, you only need the port forwarding bit.