MacOS has the /Library/Preferences and ~/Library/Preferences hierarchies, with plist files inside of them representing individual keys and being accessible by a programmatic interface that abstracts the files away. This is the same as the Windows Registry aside from implementation details.
On Linux, at least in the Gnome side of things, there's dconf, which is again exactly the same thing as the Windows Registry, and it even has a similar implementation: a binary database file. Amusingly, the dconf wikipedia article has a whole little section full of misleading and downright inaccurate ("Most Windows applications still store their user settings in individual .ini files spread across the disk") copes to obscure the fact that dconf is the same thing as the registry.
All of this Windows hate is so tiresome. Bitter Slashdot-tier commentary from people who don't actually know anything about operating systems.
I've noticed in particular that hobbyist Linux users think that they have a profound understanding of the OS because they used a command line and text editor to do system configuration instead of a GUI, and have to type arcane incantations from Google to fix their broken systems periodically. But in reality, they know very little. See, for example, any thread with hysterical complaints about systemd. They can't even explain what systemd is, what problems it solves, and why almost everyone who actually does linux system development for a living is pretty happy with it. But they're sure it's an evil conspiracy to steal the innocence of their precious OS. They think they know a lot, but they actually know nothing.