Do they not allow e-bikes in those? That seems surprising, given how important e-bikes and pedal-assists have been (or have been represented as being) for broadening the accessibility of cycling.

A quick googling led me to this statement about Germany and e-bikes:

"Insurance and license plates are required. The maximum motor output is 500 watts for e-bikes. Also, e-bike drivers must use bike lanes unless there are none, in which case they are allowed to ride on the roads."

From: https://adoebike.it/en/an-ultimate-guide-to-e-bike-laws-in-e...