non-US perspective:
In the Netherlands we have the "Burea of Credit Registration" which registers most debts, storing:
- amount
- start date
- expected end date
- actual end date
- type of credit
- miscellaneous notes
If payments are missed or other difficulties develop the lender can contact the Bureau, which notes this information on file. This information is stored for up to 5 years after final payment.
Note that this only tracks loans to individuals with a duration longer than 3 months and over a certain minimum amount.
The basic idea is that everyone who has not failed to repay a loan is considered creditworthy, actual loans are based on the above info, income (plus certainty of employment) and collateral.