How to avoid all of these: Have and use bike lanes that are isolated from car lanes, e.g. on sidewalks.

Avoid crossing street at intersections that are not ultimately regulated by traffic lights. Instead try to find a crossing, preferable with traffic lights, on a street with enough distance to intersections where cars could suddenly appear from.

Instead one is often instructed to ride right next between/to cars in the middle of the lane. In the name of safety! Shaking my head... Would you let your child rather ride its bike between those metal monsters or in actual safety? Some countries have exceptions for children, that allow them to ride on sidewalk, even when adults are required to ride on car line. Why is that? Maybe because it is safer for the children. Well then it should apply in general regardless of age. Cars are dangerous.