on paper (Android 8 and up) has the always-on type VPN that blocks any network connection not using the vpn (disallows bypass). Didn't poke it yet how it works if multiple apps create VPNs, I assume only one VPN of this type can be active
This kind of makes sense, you probably want a modem manager to talk to the modem interface directly, but it can be abused by data hungry manufacturers and perhaps Google.